ANNA: COMMONER EXTRAORDINARY
R.Kannan
“ There cannot
be a more expansive heart than mine, they cant find one ”.This was the remark of C.N.Annadurai, founder of Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam[ DMK] and later Chief Minister of Tamilnadu, in the wake of E.V.K.Sampath’s exit with his supporters in the
spring of 1961. Those who knew him could not agree more with him, such was his all-encompassing fondness and caring for others.
Sampath would henceforth
refer to his erstwhile leader as “My /Comrade Annadurai” much to the distress of many to whom the short “Anna”
or elder brother most aptly described him. In his epitaph eight years later, Sampath would address Anna as “My elder
brother” and pithily portray the nation’s tribute to Anna’s unique attribute of affection: “Is there
anything that can equal your conquest of the hearts? Oh! Victorious warrior, flags are flying half mast in whole of India,
saluting your affection”.
Anna was neither god
man nor film star. Yet his record funeral cortege illustrated how his triumph was collectively savoured. Ironically, as a
young boy, the crowd-shy Anna would prefer the quiet Puniyakotteswarar to the bustling Varadaraja Perumal Koil temple in his
native Kanchipuram. But his adult life would be inseparable from the masses-even outside India. In 1965, Singapore’s
Lee Kwan Yew observed on Anna’s visit there that only Nehru had drawn such crowds before. Anna’s visit to the
United States as Yale
University’s Chubb Fellow in 1968 would evoke similar reception.
If Tamils felt hugely possessive of him, others were also fascinated by the phenomenon he was.
A magical orator and
compelling writer, Anna’s gifts were greatly accentuated by the kudumba paasam
or family affection he breathed into his environment. His DMK was akin to a large family where all were his younger siblings.
Consequently, Anna and his associates displaced priests in life cycle rites and shared both celebrations and tribulations
of the party’s families. Even as Chief Minister, Anna would be seen effecting rapprochements between estranged couples
or reuniting families. Nothing else could be expected from one who observed: “Since one mother’s womb cannot take
us all, we are born to several mothers.”
Anna’s guru,
the crusty reformer E.V.Ramasamy Periyar advocated that social emancipation should presage political independence. Such was
the plight of the socially oppressed and the poor in the south and even Swami Vivekananda would remark on caste cruelty in
this region. Unlike the iconoclast leader, however, Anna, the genteel disciple, chastised Aryanism, caste, ritualistic religion,
unethical pontiffs, feudal land lords and heartless rich in a much more acceptable manner. Doors hitherto shut to the movement
opened to him. EVR and Anna reworked and redeemed Tamil identity and self respect, their powerful interpretation of caste
precluding any class analysis.
EVR termed India’s independence a “dark day”.
Anna openly demurred. Further differences led to his parting with the teacher in 1949. Left to chart an independent course
Anna described his DMK as graft mango plant of the original Dravida Kazhagam. He made the parent Kazhagam’s Dravida
Nadu [Independent South] demand territorial, making it open to all in the South irrespective of their origins or caste.
Metamorphosing from
a thalapathy [General] of the radical EVR brigade into a more seasoned aringnar or scholar, Anna crafted and employed an array of strategic propaganda tools for his DMK. Thus public
meetings and party organs, representational as well as issue-specific agitations, and the cinema [cinema houses were just
making inroads into rural areas] drove the party’s message relentlessly. Anna’s exploit as scriptwriter pioneered
the Dravidian movement’s exploitation of cinema. As early as 1947 he collected a fee of Rs 12,000 for his avant-garde
film Velaikaari /servant maid released in 1949, the year of DMK’s founding.
Importantly, as Anna intrepidly sought and mentored talent, a gifted set of lieutenants like Kalaignar Karunanithi and the matinee idol M.G.Ramachandran came to his aid.
The party’s
smart formula for growth-cinema- rapidly engulfed a whole genre of enthusiastic youngsters who knew little about its sacrifice,
ideals or struggle. This appeared to some to dent party’s gravitas, indeed detractors claimed that Anna’s all
forgiving nature and reluctance to impose discipline had further led to the erosion of the party’s values.
Dissidents left the
party in 1961 even as Anna magnanimously acknowledged any personal shortcomings. The separatist Dravida Nadu demand had become
central to the division, with the dissidents foreseeing a brighter future for the party without it. Poet Kannadasan, a dissident
leader recorded that Anna feared shocking the cadres by reneging on the party’s central rationale before preparing them.
He need not have. To most party men he was the only rationale for their adherence to DMK. Anna’s and DMK’s rise
would lead to the 16th constitutional amendment [1963], proscribing any advocacy of secession. Yielding, he emphasized
nonetheless that the factors driving the demand were still present.
His pragmatism was
vindicated when only four years later; the DMK was voted to power in Tamilnadu, heralding the arrival of regional parties.
“The political wave that ushered the DMK to power felled people without reference to their stature or dignity”,
a gracious Anna noted on K.Kamaraj’s defeat.
Office was but an
instrument for Anna to better the lives of others, although quite a few of his siblings had already begun to view it as an
opportunity for personal enrichment. Burning the midnight oil one night he beckoned a ministerial colleague to say “People
are expecting a lot from us. We should not disappoint them.”
Regretfully, his term
was brief and death prematurely claimed him in 1969. Anna exhibited maturity and responsibility as Chief Minister. While fiercely
defending his party’s ideology in the US,
a once separatist Anna refused to comment on foreign affairs as it was the prerogative of the Centre. He made pre-university
education free for all without sufficient means- even those from higher castes [transcending his own belief of the socially
disadvantaged]. He also took pride in the fact that his DMK, and successfully fielded minority caste candidates and expressed
approval that caste was slowly withering away. It would therefore have distressed him to see caste being cemented in subsequent
decades by various processes and forces, including those that espoused the social justice agenda.
Politically Anna stood
for federalism and democratic socialism. In this regard, the inability of All India parties to form governments without support
from regional parties and economic liberalization and its attendant foreign direct investments brought in a semblance of decentralization
in the ground. In systemic terms, however, the Centre remains omnipotent and provisions for resource and fiscal allocations,
among other issues, remain unsatisfactory for the states. More importantly, the gulf between the two India’s at the human level-one the beneficiary of the liberalized economy,
the other not so fortunate-keeps widening. Anna would have advocated liberalization with a human face.
His exhortation to
his thambis therefore rings more true now than before. “Go to the people!
Live among them! Learn from them! Love them! Serve them! Plan with them! Stand with what they know / Build on what they have
/.
But these words appear
antiquated in today’s context, where power, paraphernalia and pelf are new measure of success, over service and sacrifice.
Anna would also be sorry that sycophancy, cronyism, and superstition have rendered self respect, the proud precept of the
Dravidian movement, mostly a thing of the past. Furthermore, public life no more attracts the bright, the honest and the competent.
The discerning middle classes are generally apathetic to public career and electoral participation. The sincere party worker,
the cerebral outsider and anyone with genuine interest to serve should be welcomed by the party leaderships, but they are
not. In contrast Anna identified and fostered party work, talent and class. In remembering the man whose only fault was accumulating
the love of masses, his thambis and thangais, will hopefully wish to emulate him
in every respect.
{The writer is a civil administration official with the UN mission in Kosovo. He is currently working on a biography
on Anna]
Courtesy: THE HINDU 15.09.2008
